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Episodic vs. Semantic Memory
Episodic memory is defined as memory for a past, personal event, that involved recollection of the "who, what, when, where" and even "why" and "what it felt like" aspects of a past event in one -
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is defined as the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes in relation to behavioral decisions. Coined by Leon Festinger (1957), actions or new information that contradict personal beliefs, ideals, and values -
Imagery Debate
The Imagery Debate began when Pylyshyn (1973) challenged Kosslyn's results of time delay in "imaging travel" and subsequent explanation by Kosslyn of imagery using a mechanism of spacial representation. Pylyshyn disagreed with Kosslyn that -
Social Brain Hypothesis
The social brain hypothesis posits that the large brain size (when compared to body size) of both human and nonhuman primates is related to their complex sociality (Dunbar, 1998). Both human and nonhuman primates exist -
31. The brain
"The brain?!", you might think. "That wrinkly piece of meat?!" That's the one! Where we find brains, we find cognition. Can real or artificial beings evidence cognition-like outputs without the big cluster -
30. George Miller's magic number 7 (plus or minus 2)
Short term memory stores information for short periods of time, about 15-30 seconds. George Miller described its limitation in capacity in his well-known and widely-cited 1956 paper “The Magical Number Seven, Plus -
Prospective memory
Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time. It is a type of planning behavior, and also -
Metacognition
Metacognition is thinking about thinking, or, the high-level cognitive process that allows individuals to monitor and to respond to mental states. Metacognition, as described by Nelson and Narens (1990), is composed of two levels -
Automatic and Controlled Processing
Automatic processing is generally defined as response biases that are well learned, relatively not demanding and thus not strongly effected by concurrent load, and difficult to change, ignore, or suppress. Conversely, controlled processing is generally -
Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder that results in an inability to recognize familiar faces. Also called “face blindness,” the condition is most often due to brain damage in the fusiform face area (FFA). Alternatively, Capgras -
Ebbinghaus, Part 3: Primacy Effect
Related to the recency effect (see previous post), Ebbinghaus also found that a person’s recall accuracy for a list of words is better for the words at the beginning of the list. The reason -
Categorization
Categorization- the process by which things are placed in to categories. Categories are systematically arranged groups of entities or concepts that share some characteristic or set of characteristics. Membership in to categories may be judged -
Supervisory Attentional System
Norman and Shallice’s Supervisory Attentional Control model (1980) was based on the Schneider and Schiffrin (1977) study that proposed automatic and controlled processing within routine and non-routine situations. SAS model distinguished between contention -
4. Gestalt theory
Gestalt theory is made of 5 principles of visual perception based on the basic principle that all stimuli are perceived as the "sum of its parts." According to Gestalt psychology, the smaller parts of a -
3. Working Memory
Working memory theory, as conceived and innovated by Alan Baddeley, is concerned with the active manipulation of information in mind, as distinct from a passive intuiting of relationships via associationism or a more rote activation -
2. Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
Classical conditioning is a theory of learning in which an association between two stimuli is formed such that a response initially elicited by an unconditioned stimulus will become initiated by a conditioned stimulus alone. Ivan -
Stroop effect
The Stroop effect (for J. Ridley Stroop, 1935) is interference when trying to name the color of a stimulus that is itself an incongruous color word (e.g., RED in blue letters) compared to when -
22. Hugo Munsterberg and Applied Psych
This is a slight build off my last post on false memory, so I focus on Munsterberg’s involvement in forensic psychology/eyewitness testimony, although there are lots of different things I could talk about -
21. Ebbinghaus Part Deux: Recency effect
Similar to the forgetting curve, Ebbinghaus conducted a series of studies to determine recall accuracy as a function of word position on a list. One finding from Ebbinghaus’ studies is what has been coined as -
Selfridge Pandemonium Model
Pandemonium is a model of bottom-up pattern recognition first offered by Selfridge. In the model, different "demons" operate to identify letters at different levels. This model is a feature detection model, offered in response -
Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development that included four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stage. Piaget suggested all humans encounter environmental challenges by either assimilation (interpreting new information into existing -
17. Universal Grammar
Behaviorist traditions had an enormous amount of trouble finding a sensible way to talk about language. Families of universal grammar theories were a hugely influential response to such traditions. As the name suggests, universal grammar -
16. False memory
False memories are created when misleading information is combined with existing memories. In other words, false information can become associated with past experiences already represented in long-term memory, creating a ‘familiarity’ or sense that -
Change Blindness
Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. This can happen, for example, in movies, where we tend not -
12. SNARC Effect
The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect occurs when magnitude information is associated with a particular spatial organization. This association then effects subsequent tasks (response times, looking behavior, etc.). For example, people respond
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